By Norma Jeanne Laurette
September 2025
For many guardians, dogs are no longer just pets – they are beloved members of the family. They bring us joy and unconditional love and in return we want what’s best for them including good health and happiness. Like us, dogs have feelings and emotions, and are susceptible to the effects of stress and anxiety, which can significantly impact their physical health, emotional wellbeing, behaviour and quality of life.
For guardians, understanding how our dogs are feeling is essential when taking proactive steps to support their wellbeing. For dog trainers and behaviour therapists, it’s essential to adapt training and behaviour modification programs that nurture positive emotions and reduce stress. This approach helps prevent contributing to the problem and supports long-term, successful outcomes.
The Physical Cost Of Stress & Anxiety On Our Dogs
When dogs experience stress, it triggers physiological changes that raise cortisol levels and activates the ‘fight or flight’ survival response. If this occurs repeatedly, it can have serious consequences for the dog. Research has shown that chronic stress weakens the immune system, leaving dogs more vulnerable to infections, chronic illness and slower recovery from injuries R1.
Chronically elevated cortisol levels have also been linked to gastrointestinal upset including anorexia, diarrhea and vomiting R2. Stress is associated with skin conditions that can lead to excessive scratching, licking and even self-mutilation R3. It can also raise blood pressure and heart rate, increasing the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease R4. Stress and anxiety compromise a dog’s physical health and emotional wellbeing, leading to unnecessary suffering and potentially shortening their lifespan.
Emotional & Behavioural Consequences
Stress and anxiety in dogs can manifest in many ways, including withdrawal, irritability, depression, destructive behaviours, fear and even aggression. A once energetic, social and playful dog can become fatigued, losing interest in play, toys and interactions with people and other dogs R5.
It can also lead to hyperactivity, excessive barking, panting and destructive chewing, as well as compulsive behaviours such as licking, tail chasing and pacing. Stress can trigger fears and phobias of loud noises, unfamiliar people, other dogs or animals and environmental changes. When a fearful dog cannot remove itself, it could escalate to fear aggression, including snarling, growling, snapping and biting R6.
When guardians are unaware of the cause of these behaviours they often mistake the dog as disobedient and punish them, which only increases the stress and exacerbates the problem. Recognizing that the dog is distressed is necessary to helping the dog and resolving its issues.
The Human Role
Many people are unaware of the significant impact they have on their dog’s stress level. While varied routines can help build resilience, dogs unaccustomed to change can react negatively and experience increased stress and anxiety. Major life changes such as moving to a new home, someone moving in or out or conflict between family members can deeply affect a dog’s emotional state. Confinement for extended periods of time can lead to severe anxiety, while being left alone for long stretches can trigger separation anxiety. Both can result in vocalizations, destructive behaviour, escape attempts and even self-harm R3.
Dogs read us much better than we read them and are highly sensitive to our emotional shifts. They gather information not only from our vocalizations and body language but also our macro and micro expressions and scent R27.
When people experience stress, fear or anger, our bodies release hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, which alter our body chemistry and change the volatile compounds in our odour R28. When happy or excited, we release dopamine, oxytocin and other neurochemicals that also influence scent compounds. When these chemical changes occur, our dogs are able to smell our emotional state through subtle changes in the scent of our breath, sweat and skin secretions R29.
Research has proven that dogs can distinguish between human scents produced under different emotional states and often adjust their own behaviour in response. For example, dogs exposed to fear-related human odours have shown signs of stress and increased alertness, while those exposed to scents linked with happiness have shown relaxed and social bonding behaviours R25 R26. This extraordinary sensitivity proves the deep emotional connection between us and our dogs, as well as the importance of maintaining a consistently positive presence around them.
When people become upset in response to their dog’s distress, it can add to its anxiety resulting in a negative emotional feedback loop. The guardian upsets the dog, the dog upsets the guardian and around it goes R24. I firmly believe that when our dogs are stressed, anxious or fearful, they need to know they can always count on us to be there for them however, becoming stressed ourselves, overreacting or forcing ourselves on them while attempting to comfort them can increase their stress and anxiety R6. This is just one more reason it’s so important to learn about canine communication and body language, in order to understand how our dogs are feeling at a glance and make things better for them, not worse. For more information about micro-expressions, see my article Micro-Expressions in Dogs R46. To learn more about Emotional Feedback Loops, refer to our first book, Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.
How To Reduce Stress & Anxiety In Dogs
Helping our dogs recover from stress and anxiety requires a combination of pro-active strategies that include both environmental management and meeting all the dog’s physical and emotional needs.
Consistent Routines
When rehabilitating a stressed or anxious dog it’s important to follow a predictable and positive daily routine to help the dog feel grounded, safe and secure. This includes consistent exercise and play schedules as well as feeding the dog at the same times every day. When a dog can anticipate what’s going to happen and when, and they are all positive experiences, it nurtures a calm and happy dog R1. Once the dog’s nervous system has returned to normal you can begin to vary your routines again if required.
Exercise
Regular and sufficient exercise is essential for preventing and managing stress in dogs. Activities such as walking, playing and training not only burn off excess energy and lower cortisol levels, they also boost endorphins, improve mood, enhance sleep quality and promote emotional resilience in dogs R8.
Mental Stimulation
Although you can tire a dog out with exercise, many are unaware that mental stimulation can be just as effective. Anyone who’s engaged in a demanding mental task such as writing or studying understands how exhausting it can be. Positive training and canine enrichment through activities, games, toys and puzzles are a great way to engage a dog’s mind and provides a sense of happiness, satisfaction and achievement. All of these practical options help to reduce stress and anxiety R9. For more information about canine enrichment see my article entitled Canine Enrichment For Dogs R46.
Safe Spaces
Creating a safe space for a dog to retreat to when stressed or overwhelmed can help manage stress and anxiety. This space can also be used to temporarily confine the dog if someone or something in the home might add to its stress such as visitors, moving furniture, renovations or other environmental changes. The safe space should be secluded, comfortable and calm. It should be located in a low-traffic area and include a variety of enrichment options for the dog to engage in if it so chooses. Because small, enclosed areas increase stress for some dogs, the size of the safe space should be adjusted to the needs of the individual dog.
Preventing Boredom
Providing stimulating activities prevents boredom, which in itself can lead to or increase stress and anxiety. Supplying engaging options such as toys that move, toys with various textures, soft toys to cuddle with, treat balls and safe chew options that smell and taste good will give the dog positive things to focus on, and will go a long way to preventing and reducing stress and anxiety R3. For safety reasons, power chewers will require toys and chew options that cannot be dissected.
Positive Training
Punishment-based training methods have been proven to cause and increase stress and anxiety. These unpleasant emotions inhibit one’s ability to think, learn, remember, problem solve and make choices, which is clearly counter-productive to the learning process. It damages the human/canine trust bond as well as the dog’s emotional wellbeing. On the other hand, positive training teaches and reinforces desired behaviours, it motivates and rewards a dog for making correct choices and gives the dog a sense of accomplishment. While punishment-based training damages a dog’s emotional wellbeing and trust bond, positive training builds confidence and nurtures mutual respect as it strengthens the human/canine trust bond R24. For more information about the difference between punishment-based and scientifically proven positive training methods see my article entitled Positive Dog Training – Science | Ethics | Results R46 and refer to our first book Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.
Systematic Desensitization & Counter Conditioning
Systematic desensitization and counter conditioning go hand in hand and are the go to techniques that positive canine behaviour therapists use to rehabilitate stressed, anxious and fearful dogs. Properly applied, these techniques are highly effective.
Once you’ve identified what triggers the stress, anxiety or fear you can use systematic desensitization to gradually expose the dog to the trigger at a very low intensity, gradually raising the intensity as the dog achieves success and remains calm.
The counter conditioning aspect changes the dog’s emotional reaction to the trigger and creates pleasant emotions by pairing the trigger with something the dog enjoys such as food or fun R5 R24.
If the trigger is something the dog should not be exposed to or should not have to tolerate, the humane thing to do is protect the dog from that trigger. For more information about Systematic Desensitization and Counter Conditioning refer to our first book Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.
Socialization & Controlled Exposure
Many are unaware of the importance of an early and thorough socialization in puppies. From 12 weeks of age, a dog’s social drive begins to fade and fear begins to set in. After 14 weeks, a puppy’s ability to form positive associations drastically decreases, which is why socializing older puppies can be more time consuming and challenging. What a puppy learns during these critical weeks, both positive and negative will have a lasting impact on its temperament, personality and behaviour for the rest of its life.
Without a proper and thorough socialization during the socialization period, a dog runs a high risk of developing behaviour problems including fears and phobias, fear of handling, over-sensitivity, sound sensitivity, separation anxiety, fear aggression, reactivity both on and off leash, poor social and communication skills, as well as anti-social behaviours toward both dogs and people. These issues can significantly impact stress and anxiety, the dog’s emotional wellbeing and quality of life, as well as creating challenges for their guardians R24. An early, positive and thorough socialization can prevent these problems. For more information about socialization, see my article entitled Socialization – Why It’s More Important Than Dog Training R46 or refer to our first book Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.
That said, even if socialization was lacking in puppyhood or the dog has experienced trauma, a slow, careful and guided re-socialization can help increase confidence and resilience as well as lower stress and anxiety. Although you will never achieve what you would have, had the socialization process occurred during the critical period development, when implemented properly, re-socialization can improve the situation for both dog and guardian R6.
Professional Help
Rehabilitating a dog dealing with chronic stress or serve anxiety can be a challenge for those who are not familiar with canine behaviour therapy techniques. In such cases, contacting an educated, experienced and positive behaviour expert could be invaluable, as a qualified professional will create a program tailored to the needs of the individual situation and dog. Although we avoid pharmaceuticals for ourselves and our dogs whenever possible, there are times when an anti-anxiety medication may be helpful to provide temporary relief for the dog while working through the behaviour modification process R5.
Holistic Options For Reducing Stress & Anxiety
Due to the side effects of pharmaceuticals, I for one always explore safe, holistic options before considering medication for any physical or emotional issue. Many people swear by these approaches, which can offer natural ways to assist in reducing stress and anxiety. While they are not cures in their own right, they can serve as valuable adjuncts along with behaviour modification to help reduce stress and anxiety and the associated behaviours R3.
Aromatherapy & Calming Scents
Essential oils such as lavender and chamomile come in sprays and diffusers and can have a calming effect on some dogs. It’s always important to do your research before trying essential oils and scents to identify which are safe and which are toxic, as toxic oils can prove fatal to dogs. It’s also important to keep them out of reach to prevent ingestion and ensure proper ventilation when in use R1.
Massage & Touch Therapy
Gentle and slow massage can help reduce stress and anxiety by lowering heart rate and cortisol levels to promote relaxation. Tellington TTouch® was designed for this purpose and has proven to be helpful for many dogs R4.
Acupuncture & Energy-Based Therapies
Acupuncture and energy-based therapies such as Reiki have been used to help reduce stress in dogs by stimulating specific points on the dog’s body to balance energy flow, for the purpose of addressing anxiety-related behaviours such as restlessness and aggression R38. A 2016 study found acupuncture helped dogs relax while going through veterinary procedures and reported reduced signs of stress R38. These therapies require a qualified, trained practitioner and should be used along with behaviour modification R39.
Herbal Supplements & Nutraceuticals
Another option includes natural remedies such as L-Theanine, Valerian Root and Chamomile to help reduce stress and anxiety in their dogs. It’s important to always do your research before using these products in order to ensure safety and correct dosage, as well as to avoid interactions with other medications R2.
Homeopathic & Flower Essence Remedies
Some believe that homeopathic and flower essence remedies such as Rescue Remedy, PetCalm and HomeoPet can help reduce stress in dogs by promoting emotional balance during situations that can cause anxiety such as travelling, thunderstorms, fireworks, vet visits or separation R32 R33. While anecdotal evidence and some user testimonials suggest these remedies may help, scientific studies have not consistently supported their effectiveness R34. Although some studies have shown positive effects others found little to no measurable effect R45.
CBD Oil
CBD oil is a cannabis extract that has been used to help reduce stress in dogs R30. Evidence is still limited and findings are mixed, with some guardians reporting benefits and others noting side effects such as drowsiness, changes in behaviour, appetite and gastrointestinal issues R31. While preliminary studies show promise for CBD oil in reducing stress and anxiety in dogs, more research is needed to establish effective dosing, long-term safety and effectiveness R40. When considering CBD oil, do your research first and only use high-quality, dog-specific products along with a behaviour modification program.
Pheromone Therapy
Products such as Adaptil, ThunderEase and SENTRY are available in diffusers and collars. They contain synthetic dog-appeasing pheromones designed to mimic the calming chemical signals a mother dog releases while nursing her puppies. These products can help reduce stress and stress-related behaviours in dogs during situations such as travel, thunderstorms, fireworks, veterinary visits and separation R35. Research has shown a decrease in signs of anxiety, such as pacing and vocalization R42, and a 2010 study reported reduced fear in dogs exposed to fireworks R35. Because every dog is different, not all dogs will experience the same results R36.
Sound Therapy
Music created specifically for dogs can have a calming effect, while music, white noise, radio or television can help mask sounds that cause stress and anxiety, such as construction, thunderstorms or fireworks R8. Research has proven that certain genres of music are more effective than others, such as classical music – especially songs with a slow tempo and soft dynamics. This music has been found to decrease stress and anxiety and promote relaxation, with dogs breathing slower and pacing less, compared to other music genres R41. Dogs have also shown positive responses to some reggae and soft rock, with increased relaxation and reduced activity levels R42.
Healing The Vagus Nerve To Reduce Stress & Anxiety
When dogs suffer from stress and anxiety, nervous system health becomes important R10 R11. Promoting a healthy vagus nerve in dogs involves supporting both their physical and emotional wellbeing. Healing and supporting the vagus nerve can play a major role in rehabilitating dogs suffering from stress, anxiety and fear R10 R11. The vagus nerve is the body’s main regulator of the parasympathetic nervous system, which reduces stress R12. When the vagus nerve is functioning well, it helps lower heart rate, reduce inflammation and calm high states of arousal in the brain and body R12 R13. Because anxiety can be caused by an imbalance in the nervous system, supporting a healthy vagus nerve can help restore balance, allowing dogs to shift from a chronic fight-or-flight state to a calmer, more stable emotional state R14. This shift helps provide a foundation for healthier behavioural responses R15.
Gentle, positive interactions such as calm stroking, light massage and play – help build trust and promote relaxation in dogs, while consistent daily routines provide a sense of security and reduces stress R14 R18. Regular exercise combined with enrichment activities and positive training supports a balanced nervous system and overall emotional wellbeing R19 R29. Additional strategies including canine massage, acupressure and safe chewing options offer further opportunities to soothe and calm the dog. Time spent in peaceful, natural outdoor environments, especially where dogs can explore and sniff, has been shown to lower stress hormone levels R23. Supporting gut health through a high-quality, natural diet strengthens the connection between the gut and the nervous system R21 R22. Together, these approaches nurture vagal tone and overall resilience in dogs R14 R20.
By supporting a healthy vagus nerve, a dog’s nervous system will be better equipped to control its emotions and impulses R10 R15. Strengthening the vagus nerve doesn’t replace behaviour modification but instead complements it by creating the physiological conditions required for healing and rehabilitation R14 R19.
Conclusion
Helping our dogs cope with stress and anxiety is one of the most important ways we can support their overall wellbeing. Ignoring these challenges can affect their health, behaviour and the bond we share with them. By learning to recognize the signs of stress and anxiety and taking proactive steps to reduce it, we can help our dogs feel safe, confident and understood. Prioritizing their needs is essential to providing our dogs with the best quality of life possible.
References
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Photo by Charity Gilmore